What is early-onset cancer?
Cancers diagnosed in people aged 20-49 years, commonly referred to as ‘early-onset' cancer.
For cancers such as bowel (colorectal), melanoma of the skin, breast, thyroid, pancreatic and prostate, there has been an increased number of early-onset cancers both in Australia and other parts of the world. Early-onset cancers are likely caused by a complex interplay of several risk factors. These may include changes over recent decades in lifestyle, diet, obesity rates, environmental exposures, and other factors. However, more research is needed to better understand the specific drivers of this trend.
The most important message for all Australians, including young people, is to not ignore any symptoms and discuss any questions that you have with your GP. If you’re concerned about a symptom – especially if it is unusual for you or if it persists – see your doctor without delay. There are also simple things you can do in everyday life that may reduce your risk of cancer: Lifestyle & risk reduction | Cancer Australia.
Cancer Australia is responding to this emerging issue by informing our understanding of early-onset cancers. The following are in development:
- An epidemiological report on trends in cancer incidence in people under 50 years to understand the impact of early-onset cancers in Australia .
- An evidence review of risk factors for early-onset cancers, to understand the potential reasons behind the increase and identify research gaps.
- Reviewing and updating evidence-based guidance for GPs to facilitate earlier diagnosis of people with signs and symptoms of cancer, including those under 50 years. These updates will be made to Optimal Care Pathways Step 2 section, which focus on presentation, initial investigations and referral.
In July 2025, Cancer Australia launched the Cancer Australia Research Initiative (CARI), a new grant program aimed at addressing emerging needs in cancer research and including a commitment of $7 million over three years to fund research into early-onset cancers.
